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〃mend unto his lips thy favouring hand。〃 In a different mood he is
enraged because Thyreus； whom he despises； has presumed to kiss the hand
of the queen； 〃my playfellow； the kingly seal of high hearts。〃 When
Cleopatra is threatened with the humiliation of gracing Caesar's triumph；
she snatches a dagger； exclaiming； 〃I will trust my resolution and my
good hands。〃 With the same swift instinct； Cassius trusts to his hands
when he stabs Caesar： 〃Speak； hands； for me！〃 〃Let me kiss your hand；〃
says the blind Gloster to Lear。 〃Let me wipe it first；〃 replies the
broken old king； 〃it smells of mortality。〃 How charged is this single
touch with sad meaning！ How it opens our eyes to the fearful purging
Lear has undergone； to learn that royalty is no defence against
ingratitude and cruelty！ Gloster's exclamation about his son； 〃Did I but
live to see thee in my touch； I'd say I had eyes again；〃 is as true to a
pulse within me as the grief he feels。 The ghost in 〃Hamlet〃 recites the
wrongs from which springs the tragedy：
Thus was I； sleeping； by a brother's hand。
At once of life； of crown； of queen dispatch'd。
How that passage in 〃Othello〃 stops your breath……that passage full of
bitter double intention in which Othello's suspicion tips with evil what
he says about Desdemona's hand； and she in innocence answers only the
innocent meaning of his words： 〃For 'twas that hand that gave away my
heart。〃
Not all Shakspere's great passages about the hand are tragic。 Remember
the light play of words in 〃Romeo and Juliet〃 where the dialogue； flying
nimbly back and forth； weaves a pretty son about the hand。 And who
knows the hand； if not the lover？
The touch of the hand is in every chapter of the Bible。 Why； you could
almost rewrite Exodus as the story of the hand。 Everything is done by
the hand of the Lord and of Moses。 The oppression of the Hebrews is
translated thus： 〃The hand of Pharaoh was heavy upon the Hebrews。〃 Their
departure out of the land is told in these vivid words： 〃The Lord
brought the children of Israel out of the house of bondage with a strong
hand and a stretched…out arm。〃 At the stretching out of the hand of
Moses the waters of the Red Sea part and stand all on a heap。 When the
Lord lifts his hand in anger； thousands perish in the wilderness。 Every
act； every decree in the history of Israel； as indeed in the history of
the human race； is sanctioned by the hand。 Is it not used in the great
moments of swearing； blessing； cursing； smiting； agreeing； marrying；
building； destroying？ Its sacredness is in the law that no sacrifice is
valid unless the sacrificer lay his hand upon the head of the victim。
The congregation lay their hands on the heads of those who are sentenced
to death。 How terrible the dumb condemnation of their hands must be to
the condemned！ When Moses builds the altar on Mount Sinai； he is
manded to use no tool； but rear it with his own hands。 Earth； sea；
sky； man； and all lower animals are holy unto the Lord because he has
formed them with his hand。 When the Psalmist considers the heavens and
the earth； he exclaims： 〃What is man； O Lord； that thou art mindful of
him？ For thou hast made him to have dominion over the works of thy
hands。〃 The supplicating gesture of the hand always acpanies the
spoken prayer； and with clean hands goes the pure heart。
Christ forted and blessed and healed and wrought many miracles with
his hands。 He touched the eyes of the blind； and they were opened。 When
Jairus sought him； overwhelmed with grief； Jesus went and laid his hands
on the ruler's daughter； and she awoke from the sleep of death to her
father's love。 You also remember how he healed the crooked woman。 He
said to her； 〃Woman； thou art loosed from thine infirmity；〃 and he laid
his hands on her； and immediately she was made straight； and she
glorified God。
Look where we will； we find the hand in time and history； working；
building； inventing； bringing civilization out of barbarism。 The hand
symbolizes power and the excellence of work。 The mechanic's hand； that
minister of elemental forces； the hand that hews； saws； cuts； builds； is
useful in the world equally with the delicate hand that paints a wild
flower or moulds a Grecian urn； or the hand of a statesman that writes a
law。 The eye cannot say to the hand； 〃I have no need of thee。〃 Blessed
be the hand！ Thrice blessed be the hands that work！
THE POWER OF TOUCH
IV
THE POWER OF TOUCH
SOME months ago； in a newspaper which announced the publication of the
〃Matilda Ziegler Magazine for the Blind；〃 appeared the following
paragraph：
〃Many poems and stories must be omitted because they deal with sight。
Allusion to moonbeams； rainbows； starlight； clouds； and beautiful
scenery may not be printed； because they serve to emphasize the blind
man's sense of his affliction。〃
That is to say； I may not talk about beautiful mansions and gardens
because I am poor。 I may not read about Paris and the West Indies
because I cannot visit them in their territorial reality。 I may not
dream of heaven because it is possible that I may never go there。 Yet a
venturesome spirit impels me to use words of sight and sound whose
meaning I can guess only from analogy and fancy。 This hazardous game is
half the delight； the frolic； of daily life。 I glow as I read of
splendours which the eye alone can survey。 Allusions to moonbeams and
clouds do not emphasize the sense of my affliction： they carry my soul
beyond affliction's narrow actuality。
Critics delight to tell us what we cannot do。 They assume that blindness
and deafness sever us pletely from the things which the seeing and
the hearing enjoy； and hence they assert we have no moral right to talk
about beauty； the skies； mountains； the song of birds； and colours。 They
declare that the very sensations we have from the sense of touch are
〃vicarious；〃 as though our friends felt the sun for us！ They deny _a
priori_ what they have not seen and I have felt。 Some brave doubters
have gone so far even as to deny my existence。 In order； therefore； that
I may know that I exist； I resort to Descartes's method： 〃I think；
therefore I am。〃 Thus I am metaphysically established； and I throw upon
the doubters the burden of proving my non…existence。 When we consider
how little has been found out about the mind； is it not amazing that any
one should presume to define what one can know or cannot know？ I admit
that there are innumerable marvels in the visible universe unguessed by
me。 Likewise； O confident critic； there are a myriad sensations
perceived by me of which you do not dream。
Necessity gives to the eye a precious power of seeing； and in the same
way it gives a precious power of feeling to the whole body。 Sometimes it
seems as if the very substance of my flesh were so many eyes looking out
at will upon a world new created every day。 The silence and darkness
which are said to shut me in； open my door most hospitably to countless
sensations that distract； inform； admonish； and amuse。 With my three
trusty guides； touch； smell； and taste； I make many excursions into the
borderland of experience which is in sight of the city of Light。 Nature
acmodates itself to every man's necessity。 If the eye is maimed； so
that it does not see the beauteous face of day； the touch bees more
poignant and discriminating。 Nature proceeds through practice to
strengthen and augment the remaining senses。 For this reason the blind
often hear with greater ease and distinctness than other people。 The
sense of smell bees almost a new faculty to perate the tangle and
vagueness of things。 Thus； according to an immutable law； the senses
assist and reinforce one another。
It is not for me to say whether we see best with the hand or the eye。 I
only know that the world I see with my fingers is alive； ruddy； and
satisfying。 Touch brings the blind many sweet certainties which our more
fortunate fellows miss； because their sense of touch is uncultivated。
When they look at things； they put their hands in their pockets。 No
doubt that is one reason why their knowledge is often so vague；
inaccurate； and useless。 It is probable； too； that our knowledge of
phenomena beyond the reach of the hand is equally imperfect。 But； at all
events； we behold them through a golden mist of fantasy。
There is nothing； however； misty or uncertain about what we can touch。
Through the sense of touch I know the faces of friends； the illimitable
variety of straight and curved lines； all surfaces； the exuberance of
the soil； the delicate shapes of flowers； the noble forms of trees； and
the range of mighty winds。 Besides objects； surfaces； and atmospherical
changes； I perceive countless vibrations。 I derive much knowledge of
everyday matter from the jars and jolts which are to be felt everywhere
in the house。
Footsteps； I discover； vary tactually according to the age； the sex； and
the manners of the walker。 It is impossible to mistake a child's patter
for the tread of a grown person。 The step of the young man； strong and
free； differs from the heavy； sedate tread of the middle…aged； and from
the step of the old man； whose feet drag along the floor； or beat it
with slow； faltering accents。 On a bare floor a girl walks with a rapid；
elastic rhythm the graver step of the
elderly woman。 I have laughed over the creak of new shoes and the
clatter of a stout maid performing a jig in the kitchen。 One day； in the
dining…room of an hotel； a tactual dissonance arrested my attention。 I
sat still and listened with my feet。 I found that two waiters were
walking back and forth； but not with the same gait。 A band was playing；
and I could feel the music…waves along the floor。 One of the waiters
walked in time to the band； graceful and light； while the other
disregarded the music and rushed from table to table to the beat of some
discord in his own mind。 Their steps reminded me of a spirited war…steed
harnessed with a cart…horse。
Often footsteps reveal in some measure the character and the mood of the
walker。 I feel in them firmness and indecision； hurry and deliberation；
activity and laziness； fatigue； carelessness； timidity； anger； and
sorrow。 I am most conscious of these moods and traits in persons with
whom I am familiar。
Footsteps are frequently interrupted by certain jars and jerks； so that
I know when one kneels； kicks； shakes something； sits down； or gets up。
Thus I follow to some extent the actions of people about me and the
changes of their postures。 Just now a thick； soft patter of bare； padded
feet and a slight jolt told me that my dog had jumped on the chair to
look out of the window。 I do not； however； allow him to go
uninvestigated； for occasionally I feel the same motion； and find him；
not on the chair； but trespassing on the sofa。
When a carpenter works in the house or in the barn near by； I know by
the slanting； up…and…down； toothed vibration； and the ringing concussion
of blow upon blow； that he is sawing or hammering。 If I am near enough；
a certain vibration； travelling back and forth along a wooden surface；
brings me the information that he is using a plane。
A slight flutter on the rug tells me that a breeze has blown my papers
off the table。 A round thump is a signal that a pencil has rolled on the
floor。 If a book falls； it gives a flat thud。 A wooden rap on the
balustrade announces that dinner is ready。 Many of these vibrations are
obliterated out of doors。 On a lawn or the road； I can feel only
running； stamping； and the rumble of wheels。
By placing my hand on a person's lips and throat； I gain an idea of many
specific vibrations； and interpret them： a boy's chuckle； a man's
〃Whew！〃 of surprise； the 〃Hem！〃 of annoyance or perplexity； the moan of
pain； a scream； a whisper； a rasp； a sob； a choke； and a gasp。 The
utterances of animals； though e……the cat's
purr； its mew； its angry； jerky； scolding spit； the dog's bow…wow of
warning or of joyous wele； its yelp of despair； and its contented
snore； the cow's moo； a monkey's chatter； the snort of a horse； the
lion's roar； and the terrible snarl of the tiger。 Perhaps I ought to
add； for the benefit of the critics and doubters who may peruse this
essay； that with my own hands I have felt all these sounds。 From my
childhood to the present day I have availed myself of every opportunity
to visit zoological gardens； menageries； and the circus； and all the
animals； except the tiger； have talked into my hand。 I have touched the
tiger only in a museum； where he is as harmless as a lamb。 I have；
however； heard him talk by putting my hand on the bars of his cage。 I
have touched several lions in the flesh； and felt them roar royally；
like a cataract over rocks。
To continue； I know the _plop_ of liquid in a pitcher。 So if I spill my
milk； I have not the excuse of ignorance。 I am also familiar with the
pop of a cork； the sputter of a flame； the tick…tack of the clock； the
metallic swing of the windmill； the laboured rise and fall of the pump；
the voluminous spurt of the hose； the deceptive tap of the breeze at
door and window； and many other vibrations past puting。
There are tactual vibrations which do not belong to skin…touch。 They
perate the skin； the nerves； the