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ies of the state are the nurse and the schoolmaster。〃 He created at his own expense an infant school； a thing then almost unknown in France； and a fund for aiding old and infirm workmen。 As his factory was a centre； a new quarter； in which there were a good many indigent families； rose rapidly around him； he established there a free dispensary。
At first； when they watched his beginnings； the good souls said； 〃He's a jolly fellow who means to get rich。〃
When they saw him enriching the country before he enriched himself； the good souls said； 〃He is an ambitious man。〃
This seemed all the more probable since the man was religious； and even practised his religion to a certain degree； a thing which was very favorably viewed at that epoch。
He went regularly to low mass every Sunday。 The local deputy； who nosed out all rivalry everywhere； soon began to grow uneasy over this religion。
This deputy had been a member of the legislative body of the Empire； and shared the religious ideas of a father of the Oratoire； known under the name of Fouche； Duc d'Otrante； whose creature and friend he had been。
He indulged in gentle raillery at God with closed doors。
But when he beheld the wealthy manufacturer Madeleine going to low mass at seven o'clock； he perceived in him a possible candidate； and resolved to outdo him； he took a Jesuit confessor； and went to high mass and to vespers。 Ambition was at that time； in the direct acceptation of the word； a race to the steeple。
The poor profited by this terror as well as the good God； for the honorable deputy also founded two beds in the hospital； which made twelve。
Nevertheless； in 1819 a rumor one morning circulated through the town to the effect that； on the representations of the prefect and in consideration of the services rendered by him to the country； Father Madeleine was to be appointed by the King； mayor of M。 sur M。 Those who had pronounced this new…er to be 〃an ambitious fellow；〃 seized with delight on this opportunity which all men desire； to exclaim； 〃There！ what did we say！〃
All M。 sur M。 was in an uproar。 The rumor was well founded。
Several days later the appointment appeared in the Moniteur。
On the following day Father Madeleine refused。
In this same year of 1819 the products of the new process invented by Madeleine figured in the industrial exhibition； when the jury made their report； the King appointed the inventor a chevalier of the Legion of Honor。
A fresh excitement in the little town。 Well； so it was the cross that he wanted！
Father Madeleine refused the cross。
Decidedly this man was an enigma。
The good souls got out of their predicament by saying； 〃After all； he is some sort of an adventurer。〃
We have seen that the country owed much to him； the poor owed him everything； he was so useful and he was so gentle that people had been obliged to honor and respect him。
His workmen； in particular； adored him； and he endured this adoration with a sort of melancholy gravity。 When he was known to be rich； 〃people in society〃 bowed to him； and he received invitations in the town； he was called； in town； Monsieur Madeleine； his workmen and the children continued to call him Father Madeleine； and that was what was most adapted to make him smile。 In proportion as he mounted； throve； invitations rained down upon him。 〃Society〃 claimed him for its own。
The prim little drawing…rooms on M。 sur M。； which； of course； had at first been closed to the artisan； opened both leaves of their folding…doors to the millionnaire。 They made a thousand advances to him。
He refused。
This time the good gossips had no trouble。
〃He is an ignorant man； of no education。
No one knows where he came from。
He would not know how to behave in society。
It has not been absolutely proved that he knows how to read。〃
When they saw him making money； they said； 〃He is a man of business。〃 When they saw him scattering his money about； they said； 〃He is an ambitious man。〃
When he was seen to decline honors； they said； 〃He is an adventurer。〃
When they saw him repulse society； they said； 〃He is a brute。〃
In 1820； five years after his arrival in M。 sur M。； the services which he had rendered to the district were so dazzling； the opinion of the whole country round about was so unanimous； that the King again appointed him mayor of the town。
He again declined； but the prefect resisted his refusal； all the notabilities of the place came to implore him； the people in the street besought him； the urging was so vigorous that he ended by accepting。 It was noticed that the thing which seemed chiefly to bring him to a decision was the almost irritated apostrophe addressed to him by an old woman of the people； who called to him from her threshold； in an angry way：
〃A good mayor is a useful thing。
Is he drawing back before the good which he can do？〃
This was the third phase of his ascent。
Father Madeleine had bee Monsieur Madeleine。
Monsieur Madeleine became Monsieur le Maire。
BOOK FIFTH。THE DESCENT
CHAPTER III
SUMS DEPOSITED WITH LAFFITTE
On the other hand； he remained as simple as on the first day。 He had gray hair； a serious eye； the sunburned plexion of a laborer； the thoughtful visage of a philosopher。
He habitually wore a hat with a wide brim； and a long coat of coarse cloth； buttoned to the chin。 He fulfilled his duties as mayor； but； with that exception； he lived in solitude。
He spoke to but few people。
He avoided polite attentions； he escaped quickly； he smiled to relieve himself of the necessity of talking； he gave； in order to get rid of the necessity for smiling； The women said of him； 〃What a good…natured bear！〃
His pleasure consisted in strolling in the fields。
He always took his meals alone； with an open book before him； which he read。
He had a well…selected little library。
He loved books； books are cold but safe friends。
In proportion as leisure came to him with fortune； he seemed to take advantage of it to cultivate his mind。
It had been observed that； ever since his arrival at M。 sur M。。 his language had grown more polished； more choice； and more gentle with every passing year。
He liked to carry a gun with him on his strolls； but he rarely made use of it。 When he did happen to do so； his shooting was something so infallible as to inspire terror。
He never killed an inoffensive animal。 He never shot at a little bird。
Although he was no longer young； it was thought that he was still prodigiously strong。
He offered his assistance to any one who was in need of it； lifted a horse； released a wheel clogged in the mud； or stopped a runaway bull by the horns。
He always had his pockets full of money when he went out； but they were empty on his return。 When he passed through a village； the ragged brats ran joyously after him； and surrounded him like a swarm of gnats。
It was thought that he must； in the past； have lived a country life； since he knew all sorts of useful secrets； which he taught to the peasants。
He taught them how to destroy scurf on wheat； by sprinkling it and the granary and inundating the cracks in the floor with a solution of mon salt； and how to chase away weevils by hanging up orviot in bloom everywhere； on the walls and the ceilings； among the grass and in the houses。
He had 〃recipes〃 for exterminating from a field； blight； tares； foxtail； and all parasitic growths which destroy the wheat。 He defended a rabbit warren against rats； simply by the odor of a guinea…pig which he placed in it。
One day he saw some country people busily engaged in pulling up nettles； he examined the plants； which were uprooted and already dried； and said：
〃They are dead。
Nevertheless； it would be a good thing to know how to make use of them。
When the nettle is young； the leaf makes an excellent vegetable； when it is older； it has filaments and fibres like hemp and flax。
Nettle cloth is as good as linen cloth。 Chopped up； nettles are good for poultry； pounded； they are good for horned cattle。
The seed of the nettle； mixed with fodder； gives gloss to the hair of animals； the root； mixed with salt； produces a beautiful yellow coloring…matter。 Moreover； it is an excellent hay； which can be cut twice。
And what is required for the nettle？
A little soil； no care； no culture。
Only the seed falls as it is ripe； and it is difficult to collect it。
That is all。 With the exercise of a little care； the nettle could be made useful； it is neglected and it bees hurtful。
It is exterminated。
How many men resemble the nettle！〃
He added； after a pause：
〃Remember this； my friends：
there are no such things as bad plants or bad men。 There are only bad cultivators。〃
The children loved him because he knew how to make charming little trifles of straw and cocoanuts。
When he saw the door of a church hung in black； he entered： he sought out funerals as other men seek christenings。
Widowhood and the grief of others attracted him； because of his great gentleness； he mingled with the friends clad in mourning； with families dressed in black； with the priests groaning around a coffin。 He seemed to like to give to his thoughts for text these funereal psalmodies filled with the vision of the other world。
With his eyes fixed on heaven； he listened with a sort of aspiration towards all the mysteries of the infinite； those sad voices which sing on the verge of the obscure abyss of death。
He performed a multitude of good actions； concealing his agency in them as a man conceals himself because of evil actions。
He penetrated houses privately； at night； he ascended staircases furtively。 A poor wretch on returning to his attic would find that his door had been opened； sometimes even forced； during his absence。 The poor man made a clamor over it：
some malefactor had been there！ He entered； and the first thing he beheld was a piece of gold lying forgotten on some piece of furniture。
The 〃malefactor〃 who had been there was Father Madeleine。
He was affable and sad。
The people said：
〃There is a rich man who has not a haughty air。
There is a happy man who has not a contented air。〃
Some people maintained that he was a mysterious person； and that no one ever entered his chamber； which was a regular anchorite's cell； furnished with winged hour…glasses and enlivened by cross…bones and skulls of dead men！
This was much talked of； so that one of the elegant and malicious young women of M。 sur M。 came to him one day； and asked：
〃Monsieur le Maire； pray show us your chamber。 It is said to be a grotto。〃
He smiled； and introduced them instantly into this 〃grotto。〃
They were well punished for their curiosity。 The room was very simply furnished in mahogany； which was rather ugly； like all furniture of that sort； and hung with paper worth twelve sous。 They could see nothing remarkable about it； except two candlesticks of antique pattern which stood on the chimney…piece and appeared to be silver； 〃for they were hall…marked；〃 an observation full of the type of wit of petty towns。
Nevertheless； people continued to say that no one ever got into the room； and that it was a hermit's cave； a mysterious retreat； a hole； a tomb。
It was also whispered about that he had 〃immense〃 sums deposited with Laffitte； with this peculiar feature； that they were always at his immediate disposal； so that； it was added； M。 Madeleine could make his appearance at Laffitte's any morning； sign a receipt； and carry off his two or three millions in ten minutes。
In reality； 〃these two or three millions〃 were reducible； as we have said； to six hundred and thirty or forty thousand francs。
BOOK FIFTH。THE DESCENT
CHAPTER IV
M。 MADELEINE IN MOURNING
At the beginning of 1820 the newspapers announced the death of M。 Myriel； Bishop of D； surnamed 〃Monseigneur Bienvenu；〃 who had died in the odor of sanctity at the age of eighty…two。
The Bishop of D to supply here a detail which the papers omitted had been blind for many years before his death； and content to be blind； as his sister was beside him。
Let us remark by the way； that to be blind and to be loved； is； in fact； one of the most strangely exquisite forms of happiness upon this earth； where nothing is plete。
To have continually at one's side a woman； a daughter； a sister； a charming being； who is there because you need her and because she cannot do without you； to know that we are indispensable to a person who is necessary to us； to be able to incessantly measure one's affection by the amount of her presence which she bestows on us； and to say to ourselves； 〃Since she consecrates the whole of her time to me； it is because I possess the whole of her heart〃； to behold her thought in lieu of her face； to be able to verify the fidelity of one being amid the eclipse of the world； to regard the rustle of a gown as the sound of wings； to hear her e and go； retire； speak； return； sing； and to think that one is the centre of these steps； of this speech； to manifest at each instant one's personal attraction； to feel one's self all the more powerful beca