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y day that Professor Smith goes swimming。史密斯教授是天天去游泳。It was not until Saturday that he began to prepare for the examination。 他直到星期六才开始为考试作准备。注意：这句话的原句是He did not begin to prepare for the examination until Saturday。 变成强调时间状语，注意 “not” 位置的变化。（2）强调地点状语。例如：It was in the library that I met Jack yesterday。是在图书馆我昨天碰到了Jack。原句：I met Jack in the library yesterday。It might have been on the bus that I lost my purse。可能是在公共汽车上我丢失了钱包。原句是：I might have lost my purse on the bus。 强调地点状语，也可改为：It was on the bus that I might have lost my purse。It was under the tree that I was sitting then。 当时我正坐在那棵树下。3．强调宾语。例如：It was Tom’s bike that she borrowed； not mine。她借的是Tom的自行车，不是我的。It is his dog that he’s sold； not his car。 他已卖掉的是他的狗，不是车。It was a cat that your dog was running after。 你的狗追的是只猫。4．强调宾语补足语：例如：It was wonderful that we considered his plan。我们认为他的计划是绝妙的。It is Lincoln that they named the aircraft carrier。他们把那艘航母命名为林肯号。It was captain that the team chose him。 那个队选他当的是队长。It was white that Tom was painting the fence。汤姆当时正在把篱笆涂成白色的。这句话的原句是： Tom was painting the fence white。类似的结构有：color the sun red； color the tree green； paint the wall pink 等，这里，颜色作宾语补足语。It is a fine player that we believe Jane。我们相信Jane是一个出色的选手。It is the Buckingham Palace that the British Queen’s office building is called。 英国女王的办公大楼被称作白金汉宫。It is Cadillac that this car is named。 这辆车被命名为卡迪拉克。
二、强调谓语动词用“助动词do ＋ 动词原形”来强调谓语动词。注意：谓语动词只有两种时态能强调，即一般现在时和一般过去时。在一般现在时中，do有人称的变化，第三人称单数用does，一般过去时do 变成did。其他时态的强调通过重读谓语动词来体现。例如：You’re quite wrong？she does like you。 你错了，她真的喜欢你。Do e in。 快进来。用“助动词do ＋ 动词原形”来强调谓语动词。1．强调一般现在时动词谓语：例如：I work hard。 → I do work hard。She loves you。 → She does love you。My father smokes a lot。 → My father does smoke a lot。2．强调一般过去时动词谓语：例如：I called you in the morning。→ I did call you in the morning。I attended the meeting yesterday。→ I did attend the meeting yesterday。I handed in the paper yesterday。→ I did hand in the paper yesterday。He wrote a letter to me yesterday。→ He did write a letter to me。He came to see you yesterday。→ He did e to see you yesterday。
三、其他表示强调的方式1．把要强调的部分放在句首：例如：That film？what do you think of it？Asleep； then； were you？2．用某些特殊的词来表示强调，如really； certainly； definitely； very等。在口语中，such 和so 都常用于强调句。如：Thank you so much。It was such a lovely party。I really enjoyed it。This is the very book that I am looking for。 我要找的就是这本书。
练习把下列句子改成强调句，强调黑体词部分；然后把第1－8句和第10句改为强调动词谓语的句子。1）Mary gave me the news。→It was Mary who gave me the news。2）We went to the Great Wall the day before yesterday。→It was the day before yesterday that we went to the Great Wall。3）I want you to repair the bike for me。→It is the bike that I want you to repair for me。4）The days begin to get longer in February。→It is in February that the days begin to get longer。5）We held a meeting in the room yesterday。→It was a meeting that we held in the room yesterday。6）I met Mr。 Li in the bookshop。→It was Mr。 Li that I met in the bookshop。7）My parents began to learn to read and write after liberation。→It was after liberation that my parents began to learn to read and writed。8）I joined the party in 1985。→It was in 1985 that I joined the party。9）She will be waiting for me at the gate。→It is at the gate that she will be waiting for me。10）Li Hong and Zhang Ming cleaned the classroom this morning。→It was Li Hong and Zhang Ming who cleaned the classroom this morning。
把下列句子改为强调动词谓语的句子。1）Mary gave me the news。→Mary did give me the news。2）We went to the Great Wall the day before yesterday。→We did go to the Great Wall the day before yesterday。3）I want you to repair the bike for me。→I do want you to repair the bike for me。4）The days begin to get longer in February。→The days do begin to get longer in February。5）We held a meeting in the room yesterday。→We did hold a meeting in the room yesterday。6）I met Mr。 Li in the bookshop。→I did meet Mr。 Li in the bookshop。7）My parents began to learn to read and write after liberation。→My parents did begin to learn to read and write after liberation。8）I joined the party in 1985。→I did join the party in 1985。9）She will be waiting for me at the gate。→将来时；通过重读谓语进行强调。
倒装
英语句子的语序一般是固定的：主语在前，谓语在后，这叫陈述语序。谓语的全部或一部分（助动词或情态动词）放在主语之前的现象称为倒装。倒装有两种情况：语法倒装和修辞倒装。因为语法结构而必须倒装的，叫语法倒装；为达到某种修辞目的而倒装的，叫修辞倒装。我们学习倒装的主要目的是增加对英语句式多样性的认识，以便在写作和口语中使用，这也是我们学习英语语法的主要目的。一、语法倒装1．一般疑问句和特殊疑问句要倒装例如：Shall I open the door？ 要我开门吗？Are you cold？ 你冷吗？Can you read this poem in German？ 你能用德语朗诵这首诗吗？Which of the pictures do you like best？ 你最喜欢哪张画？How are you getting along？ 你目前怎么样？When will there be lasting peace in the world？什么时候世界上才能有持久的和平？2．There be 句型当中。There be 句型表达的意思是：“某处有…。”。这个句型的主语在谓语动词后面，因此这是倒装语序。例如：There are not many people who want to read this book。想看这本书的人不多。There once lived a pack of wolves in this cave。在这个洞里曾经住过一群狼。There happened to be a taxi parked at the gate。碰巧门口停着一辆出租车。There is going to be a change in our arrangement。我们的安排将有一个变化。3．当连词as 表示“虽然、尽管”引导让步状语从句时，句子要倒装，as 相当于though；可以替换。如：Small as/though the atom is； we can smash it。尽管原子很小，我们可以击碎它。Tired as/though he was； he went on working。（=Although he was very tired； he went on working。）虽然他很累，他还是接着工作。Cold as/though it was； we went out。 虽然天气冷，我们还是出去了。Child as/though she is； she knows a great deal。她虽然是个孩子，但她懂得很多。Teacher as he is； he knows little about teaching。尽管他是个老师，但不懂什么教学。Pilots as he claims he is； no one has ever seen him fly a plane。尽管他声称是个飞行员，但谁也没见过他非飞机。注意后四句是可数名词单数作表语并提前，习惯上不用冠词。翻译练习：尽管他自己受伤了，但他还是尽力帮助别人脱险。→Wounded as he himself was； he still tried to help others to safety。尽管他很有名，但他很平易近人。→Famous as he is； he is easy going。尽管他是囚犯，他行为举止仍像个国王。→Captive as he is； he still behaves as if he were a king/behaves like a king。4．虚拟语气条件从句中的if 被省略时，要把从句中的were； had 或should 移到主语之前。（if 的省略、倒装只限于从句中有were； had 或should这三个词时。）例如：If I had been in your place； I wouldn’t have given it up so early。=Had I been in your place； I wouldn’t have given it up so early。如果我在你的位置，我不会这样早放弃。If he were to succeed； the sun would rise from the west。＝Were he to succeed； the sun…。如果他能成功，太阳就会从西边出来。If you should be asked about this； say that you know nothing。=Should you be asked about this； say……如果有人问起你这件事，你就说你什么也不知道。Were there no air or water； there would be no life on the earth。如果没有空气和水，地球上就不会有生命。Had you been more careful； you might have avoided the mistake。如果你再细心点，本来事可以避免这个错误的。5．以so开头的，表示“也一样”，“也这样”的句子要倒装。So 用于肯定句，代替上文中的形容词、名词或动词，通常指前面所说的肯定情况也适用于其他人或物。结构是“so ＋ be （do； have 其他助动词或情态动词）＋主语”。如：Production is going up； so is the people’s standard of living。生产不断发展，人们的生活水平也一样。Society has changed and so have the people in it。 社会变了，社会上的人也变了。Coal is under the ground； and so is oil。 煤在地底下，石油也是。He saw it； and so did I。 他看见了，我也看见了。They can swim now； and so can we。 他们现在能游泳，我们也能。We must start for the work…site now。 So must you。我们该动身去工地了，你们也该去了。注意：如果只是对前句的内容表示同意，则不要倒装。如：It was hot yesterday。 ？So it was！ 昨天很热。是的。He works very hard。 ？So he does。 他工作很努力。是的。Tomorrow will be Monday。 ？So it will。 明天星期一。对。翻译下列句子：1）我会说英语。我弟弟也会。→I can speak English。 So can my brother。2）他们上星期日到颐和园去了。我们也去了。→They went to the Summer Palace last Sunday。 So did we。3）他去过长城。我也去过。→He has been to the Great Wall。 So have I。4）她喜欢教英语。我姐姐也喜欢。→She enjoys teaching English。 So does my sister。5）你说他很努力，对，他确实很努力，你也一样。→You say he works hard。 So he does； and so do you。注意：在so…。。that…。。结构中，如果so 在句首，通常也用倒装结构。例如：So easy is it that a boy can learn it。那很容易，小孩子都能学。（原句是：It is so easy that a boy can learn it。）So rapidly did he speak that we could hardly understand him clearly。 他说得很快，我们简直听不清楚。（原句是：He spoke so rapidly that we could hardly understand him clearly。）6．以neither与nor开头的句子，表示“…也不”时，句子倒装。Neither 与nor 意思相同，可以互换。Neither； nor 用于否定句，通常指前面所说的否定情况也适用于其他人或物。结构是：Neither （nor） ＋ be （do； have； 其他助动词或情态动词） ＋主语。例如：I won’t do such a thing。 Nor/Neither will anyone else。我不会做这样的事，别人也不会。The first one wasn’t good and neither was the second。第一个不好，第二个也不好。I won’t go there。 Neither will she。我将不去那里。她也不去。翻译练习：1）我不知道他住哪儿。她也不知道。I don’t know where he lives。 Neither does she。2）我不知道这两个句子的区别。？他们也不知道。I don’t know the difference between these two sentences。 Nor do they。3）我昨天晚上没有写作文。魏芳也没写。I didn’t write my position yesterday evening。 Neither did Wei Fang。4）学生们不在教室里。老师也不在。The students were not in the classroom。 Nor was the teacher。7．以here； there； now； then 等副词开头的句子中。习惯上用一般现在时（除以then开头的句子用过去时）。例如：There es the bus！ 汽车来了。There goes the bell。 铃响了。Now es your turn。 该轮到你了。Then came a new difficulty。 接着来了个新难题。Then followed three days of heavy rain。 后来连着下了三天大雨。Up went the plane。 飞起来了飞机。Our rushed a cat from under the bed。 从床底下窜出一只猫。Here is a letter for you。 这儿有你一封信。注意：在这种句型中，如果主语是代词时就不倒装。例如：Here you are。 给你。There he es。 他来了。Here it is。 这就是。8．在表示祝愿的句子中。如：May you have a pleasant trip。 祝你旅途愉快。
二、修辞倒装1．在以never； hardly； scarcely； rarely； barely； seldom； not only； not until； nor； little； nowhere； hardly…。when； no sooner…。than； by no means； under no circumstances 等开头的句子中，主谓要倒装。这些都是表示否定或半否定意义的词或词组。例如：Never have I e across such a difficult problem。我还从没有遇到过这样困难的问题。Seldom do I read such magazines。 我很少读这种杂志。No sooner had they left than the bus arrived。他们刚走，公共汽车就来了。Never before have I met him。 我以前从未见过他。Hardly did I think it possible。 我想这几乎不可能。Not only should we not be afraid of difficulties； but we should try our best to overe them。我们不但应该不怕困难，而且要尽最大努力克服困难。Not until midnight did it stop raining。 直到半夜雨才停。（正常语序是：It did not stop raining until midnight。 注意not位置的变化）Very seldom do you find that two clocks or watches exactly agree。 你很难发现两个钟或表的时间完全一样。By no means will this method produce satisfactory results。这种方法决不会产生令人满意的结果。翻译练习（使用倒装结构）：1）我从来没有读过这么一本有意思的书。Never have I read such an interesting book。2）她一点也不知道会发生什么事。Little does she know what may happen。3）我简直不相信这是真的。Hardly could I believe it （to be） true。4）我刚到家，就下起大雨来了。No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain heavily。5）最近我很少见到她。Seldom have I met her recently。6）爱因斯坦不仅是世界闻名的科学家，而且还是一个相当不错的小提琴家。Not only was Einstein a world famous scientist； but also a fairly good violinist。7）直到战争结束，他才回家。Not until after the war did he return home。（正常语序是： He did not return home until after the war。）8）在任何情况下，我们都不应该做违反人民意愿的事。Under no circumstances should we do anything against the will of the people。2．在以“only＋状语”开头的句子中，主谓要倒装。这里only后面必须跟有它修饰的状语或状语从句，这是关键。否则就不倒装。例如：Only after the war was over was man able to realize the wickedness of the atomic bomb。只是在战争结束后人类才意识到原子弹的可恶。（注意：only 引导的状语从句不倒装，主句倒装。）Only then did I realize the importance of English。只在那时我才意识到英语的重要性。Only in this way can we improve ourselves。只有用这种方法我们才能不断提高自己。Only after you finish it can you leave。只有结束它以后，你才能离开。（主句倒装）注意：Only 如不在句首，或only 修饰的不是状语，则不倒装。如：The contract was signed only after bitter negotiations。只有在艰苦的谈判以后，合同才得以签署。（改成倒装：Only after bitter negotiations was the contract signed。）Only the senior staff are allowed to use this room。只许资深的职员使用这个房间。Only five passengers survived the accident。事故中只有五�